Unravelling the evolution of wood-feeding in termites with 47 high-resolution genome assemblies

Abstract

Termites are a lineage of social cockroaches abundant in tropical ecosystems where they are key decomposers of organic matter. Despite their ecological significance, only a handful of reference-quality termite genomes have been sequenced, which is insufficient to unravel the genetic mechanisms that have contributed to their ecological success. Here, we perform sequencing and hybrid assembly of 45 taxonomically and ecologically diverse termites and two cockroaches, resulting in haplotype-merged genome assemblies of 47 species, 22 of which were near-chromosome level. Next, we examine the link between termite dietary evolution and major genomic events. We find that Termitidae, which include ~80% of described termite species, have larger genomes with more genes and a higher proportion of transposons than other termites. Our analyses identify a gene number expansion early in the evolution of Termitidae, including an expansion of the repertoire of CAZymes, the genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Notably, this expansion of genomes and gene repertoires coincided with the origin of soil-feeding in Termitidae and remained unchanged in lineages that secondarily reverted to a wood-based diet. Overall, our sequencing effort multiplies the number of available termite genomes by six and provides insights into the genome evolution of an ancient lineage of social insects.

Affiliated Institutions

• Freie Universität Berlin DE
• Chongqing Normal University CN
• Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre CZ
• Southwest University CN
• Laboratoire d’Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée FR
• Universidade Federal do ABC BR
• Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University JP
• Institute of Entomology CZ
• Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing DE
• University of the Ryukyus JP
• Czech Academy of Sciences CZ
• University of Münster DE

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