Mammalian cells respond to endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by activation of protein kinase cascades that lead to new gene expression. A protein kinase, p38, that was tyrosine phosphorylated in response to LPS, was cloned. The p38 enzyme and the product of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HOG1 gene, which are both members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, have sequences at and adjacent to critical phosphorylation sites that distinguish these proteins from most other MAP kinase family members. Both HOG1 and p38 are tyrosine phosphorylated after extracellular changes in osmolarity. These findings link a signaling pathway in mammalian cells with a pathway in yeast that is responsive to physiological stress.
CD14, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein of leukocytes, binds endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) with high affinity. After the murine pre-B cell line 70Z/3 i...
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved eukaryotic signaling module that converts receptor signals into various outputs. MAPK is activated through pho...
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a multigene family activated by many extracellular stimuli. There are three groups of MAP kinases based on their dual phosphorylation...
Big mitogen-activated kinase 1 (BMK1) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (ERK5) has recently been identified as a new member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase fami...
Cyclooxygenases (COXs) catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids, which mediate a variety of biological actions involved in vascular pathophysiology. In the pre...
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