Paul E. Spector

Summated Rating Scale Construction

Introduction Theory of Summated Rating Scales Defining the Construct Designing the Scale Conducting the Item Analysis Validation Reliability and Norms Concluding Remarks

Method variance as an artifact in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Myth or significant problem?

Method variance is an artifact of measurement that biases results when relations are explored among constructs measured by the same method. The existence of method variance was ...

Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work

Perceived control by employees is a variable that has been heavily researched in two popular areas, job design (as autonomy) and participative decision-making. A meta-analysis w...

Do Not Cross Me: Optimizing the Use of Cross-Sectional Designs