Abstract
The out-of-the-loop performance problem, a major potential consequence of automation, leaves operators of automated systems handicapped in their ability to take over manual operations in the event of automation failure. This is attributed to a possible loss of skills and of situation awareness (SA) arising from vigilance and complacency problems, a shift from active to passive information processing, and change in feedback provided to the operator. We studied the automation of a navigation task using an expert system and demonstrated that low SA corresponded with out-of-the-loop performance decrements in decision time following a failure of the expert system. Level of operator control in interacting with automation is a major factor in moderating this loss of SA. Results indicated that the shift from active to passive processing was most likely responsible for decreased SA under automated conditions.
Keywords
AutomationVigilance (psychology)Expert systemTask (project management)Computer scienceOperator (biology)Control (management)Control systemEngineeringReliability engineeringControl engineeringArtificial intelligenceSystems engineeringPsychologyCognitive psychology
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Publication Info
- Year
- 1995
- Type
- article
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 381-394
- Citations
- 1263
- Access
- Closed
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Cite This
Mica R. Endsley,
Esin Kırış
(1995).
The Out-of-the-Loop Performance Problem and Level of Control in Automation.
Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
, 37
(2)
, 381-394.
https://doi.org/10.1518/001872095779064555
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.1518/001872095779064555