Abstract
Summary In the early 1970s Ehrlich and Holdren devised a simple equation in dialogue with Commoner identifying three factors that created environmental impact. Thus, impact (I) was expressed as the product of (1) population, (P); (2) affluence, (A); and (3) technology, (T). This article tracks the various forms the IPAT equation has taken over 30 years as a means of examining an underlying shift among many environmentalists toward a more accepting view of the role technology can play in sustainable development. Although the IPAT equation was once used to determine which single variable was the most damaging to the environment, an industrial ecology view reverses this usage, recognizing that increases in population and affluence can, in many cases, be balanced by improvements to the environment offered by technological systems.
Keywords
Industrial ecologyPopulationStructural equation modelingVariable (mathematics)Simple (philosophy)Sustainable developmentProduct (mathematics)EcologyBiologyEconomicsSustainabilitySociologyDemographyMathematicsStatisticsEpistemologyMathematical analysis
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Publication Info
- Year
- 2000
- Type
- article
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 13-29
- Citations
- 563
- Access
- Closed
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Cite This
Marian Chertow
(2000).
The IPAT Equation and Its Variants.
Journal of Industrial Ecology
, 4
(4)
, 13-29.
https://doi.org/10.1162/10881980052541927
Identifiers
- DOI
- 10.1162/10881980052541927