The association of smoking status with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19: A living rapid evidence review

Abstract

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19, an emergent zoonotic disease which has reached pandemic levels and is designated a public health emergency of international concern. It is plausible that former or current smoking status are risk factors for infection, hospitalisation and/or mortality from COVID-19. Objective: We aimed to estimate the rates of i) infection, ii) hospitalisation, iii) disease severity, and iv) mortality from SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 stratified by smoking status. Methods: We adopted recommended practice for rapid evidence reviews, which involved limiting the search to main databases and having one reviewer extract data and another verify. Published articles and pre-prints were identified via MEDLINE, EPPI-Mapper and expertise within the review team. We included observational studies with community-dwelling or hospitalised adults aged 16+ years who had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 or were diagnosed with COVID-19, providing that data on smoking status were reported. Studies were judged as high quality if they explicitly recorded current, former and never smoking status with low levels of missing data. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included, 22 of which were conducted in China, three in the US, one in Korea, one in France and one across multiple international sites with data predominantly collected in the UK. Eight studies did not state the source for information on smoking status. Twenty-five studies reported current and/or former smoking status but had high levels of missing data and/or did not explicitly state whether the remaining participants were never smokers. Notwithstanding these uncertainties, compared with national prevalence estimates, recorded current and former smoking rates in the included studies were generally lower than expected. Within the only study to report community SARS-CoV-2 infection by smoking status, current smokers appeared more likely to be tested but the rate for positive tests was lower. In two high-quality studies, results from a fixed-effects meta-analysis provided no evidence for an increased risk of hospitalisation among 657 current/former smokers who tested positive in the community (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.93-1.14, p = 0.57). Among 1370 people hospitalised across two high-quality studies, there was greater disease severity in current/former smokers compared with never smokers (RR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.15-1.77, p = .002). Three studies reporting on mortality did not explicitly state never smoking status. Conclusions: Across 28 observational studies, there is substantial uncertainty arising from the recording of smoking status on whether current and/or former smoking status is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalisation or mortality. There is low quality evidence that current and former smoking compared with never is associated with greater disease severity in those hospitalised for COVID-19. Implications: Unrelated to COVID-19, smokers are at a greater risk of a range of serious health problems requiring them to be admitted to hospital. Given uncertainty around the association of smoking with COVID-19, smoking cessation remains a public health priority and high-quality smoking cessation advice should form part of public health efforts during this pandemic.

Keywords

Affiliated Institutions

• Royal Veterinary College GB
• Universidad de Londres MX
• University of London GB
• University College London GB

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