Protective Effects of Apigenin against Radiation-Induced Esophageal Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats

Abstract

Aim: Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone treatment for cancers of the esophagus, lung, head and neck, and mediastinum. However, its efficacy is often limited by serious side effects, such as radiation-induced esophagitis, which can compromise treatment continuity and patient quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of Apigenin, a natural flavonoid with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, against RT-induced esophageal injury in an experimental rat model. Material and Methods: A total of 40 rats were divided into four groups: RT, RT+Apigenin+Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), RT+DMSO, and Apigenin+DMSO. A single 16 Gy dose of RT was given to the cervical area in the appropriate groups. Histopathological examination and tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α) expression analysis were used to evaluate tissue damage and inflammation. Results: Histopathological examination revealed marked hyperemia, microhemorrhages, erosions, and mild inflammatory response in the esophageal tissue of the RT group (p<0.001). In contrast, the RT+Apigenin+DMSO group exhibited a significant reduction in these histopathological findings (p<0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in TNF-α expression in the esophageal epithelial cells of the RT group (p<0.001). In the RT+Apigenin+DMSO group, a marked decrease in TNF-α levels was observed (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study suggests that Apigenin may serve as a potential radioprotective agent against RT-induced esophageal toxicity, with histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supporting its protective effects. Further preclinical and controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm its translational applicability.

Affiliated Institutions

• Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi TR
• Suleyman Demirel University KZ

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