Abstract

No AccessDec 2017Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and MitigationAuthors/Editors: Nita Madhav, Ben Oppenheim, Mark Gallivan, Prime Mulembakani, Edward Rubin, Nathan WolfeNita MadhavSearch for more papers by this author, Ben OppenheimSearch for more papers by this author, Mark GallivanSearch for more papers by this author, Prime MulembakaniSearch for more papers by this author, Edward RubinSearch for more papers by this author, Nathan WolfeSearch for more papers by this authorhttps://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17AboutView ChaptersFull TextPDF (3.7 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract: Presents the findings concerning the risks, impacts, and mitigation of pandemics as well as knowledge gaps of pandemics. Pandemics—defined as large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that can greatly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographic area and cause significant economic, social, and political disruption—have increased in number over the past century because of increased global travel and integration, urbanization, changes in land use, and greater exploitation of the natural environment. These trends will likely continue and intensify. Significant policy attention has focused on the need to identify and limit emerging outbreaks that might lead to pandemics and to expand and sustain investment to build preparedness and health capacity. The international community has made progress toward preparing for and mitigating the impacts of pandemics, but despite these improvements, significant gaps and challenges exist in global pandemic preparedness. Progress toward meeting the International Health Regulations (IHR) has proven uneven, and many countries have been unable to meet basic requirements for compliance, leading to pandemics having a disproportionately higher mortality impact on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). ReferencesAchonu, C, A Laporte, and M A Gardam. 2005. “The Financial Impact of Controlling a Respiratory Virus Outbreak in a Teaching Hospital: Lessons Learned from SARS.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 96 (1): 52–54. CrossrefGoogle ScholarAnthony, S J, J H Epstein, K A Murray, I Navarrete-Macias, and C M Zambrana-Torrelio, and others. 2013. “A Strategy to Estimate Unknown Viral Diversity in Mammals.” MBio 4 (5): e00598-13. CrossrefGoogle ScholarArabi, Y M, H H Balkhy, F G Hayden, A Bouchama, and T Luke, and others. 2017. “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome.” New England Journal of Medicine 376 (6): 584–94. CrossrefGoogle ScholarARC (African Risk Capacity). 2016. “African Risk Capacity Strategic Framework 2016–2020.” Strategy and policy document, ARC, Johannesburg, South Africa. Google ScholarArimah, B C 2010. “The Face of Urban Poverty: Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in Developing Countries.” In Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Beall, Jo, Basudeh Guha-Khasnobis, and Ravi Kanbur, 143–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press. CrossrefGoogle ScholarASPR (Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response). 2014. “Public Health and Medical Situational Awareness Strategy.” Strategy document for situational awareness implementation plan U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. Google ScholarAylward, B, P Barboza, L Bawo, E Bertherat, and P Bilivogui and others. 2014. “Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa—The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections.” New England Journal of Medicine 371 (16): 1481–95. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBarden-O’Fallon, J, M A Barry, P Brodish, and J Hazerjian. 2015. “Rapid Assessment of Ebola-Related Implications for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Service Delivery and Utilization in Guinea.” PLoS Currents Outbreaks (August): 7. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0b0ba06009dd091bc39ddb3c6d7b0826. Google ScholarBarrett, R and P J Brown. 2008. “Stigma in the Time of Influenza: Social and Institutional Responses to Pandemic Emergencies.” Journal of Infectious Diseases 197 (Suppl 1): S34–S37. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBedrosian, S R, C E Young, L A Smith, J D Cox, and C Manning, and others. 2016. “Lessons of Risk Communication and Health Promotion—West Africa and United States.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Supplements 65 (3): 68–74. Google ScholarBootsma, M C J and N M Ferguson. 2007. “The Effect of Public Health Measures on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in U.S. Cities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (18): 7588–93. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBrattberg, E and M Rhinard. 2011. “Multilevel Governance and Complex Threats: The Case of Pandemic Preparedness in the European Union and the United States.” Global Health Governance 5 (1): 1–21. Google ScholarBrende, B, J Farrar, D Gashumba, C Moedas, and T Mundel, and others. 2017. “CEPI—A New Global R&D Organisation for Epidemic Preparedness and Response.” The Lancet 389 (10066): 233–35. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBrundage, J F and G D Shanks. 2008. “Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 (8): 1193–99. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBuckley, G J and R E Pittluck. 2016. Global Health Risk Framework: Pandemic Financing: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. CrossrefGoogle ScholarBurns, A, D Van der Mensbrugghe, and H Timmer. 2006. “Evaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza.” Working Paper 47417, World Bank, Washington, DC. Google ScholarCarrasco, L R, V J Lee, M I Chen, D B Matchar, and J P Thompson, and others. 2011. “Strategies for Antiviral Stockpiling for Future Influenza Pandemics: A Global Epidemic-Economic Perspective.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8 (62): 1307–13. CrossrefGoogle ScholarChan, E H, T F Brewer, L C Madoff, M P Pollack, and A L Sonricker, and others. 2010. “Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (50): 21701–6. CrossrefGoogle ScholarChandy, L, H Kato, and H Kharas eds. 2015. The Last Mile in Ending Extreme Poverty. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Google ScholarCharu, V, G Chowell, L S Palacio Mejia, S Echevarría-Zuno, and V H Borja-Aburto, and others. 2011. “Mortality Burden of the A/H1N1 Pandemic in Mexico: A Comparison of Deaths and Years of Life Lost to Seasonal Influenza.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 53 (10): 985–93. CrossrefGoogle ScholarChisholm, H. 1911. “Cholera.” Encyclopedia Britannica 11 (6): 265–66. Google ScholarCohen, N J, C M Brown, F Alvarado-Ramy, H Bair-Drake, and G A Benenson, and others. 2016. “Travel and Border Health Measures to Prevent the International Spread of Ebola.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Supplements 65 (3): 57–67. Google ScholarCohn, S K 2007. “The Black Death and the Burning of Jews.” Past and Present 196 (1): 3–36. CrossrefGoogle ScholarColizza, V, A Barrat, M Barthelemy, A J Valleron, and A Vespignani. 2007. “Modeling the Worldwide Spread of Pandemic Influenza: Baseline Case and Containment Interventions.” PLoS Medicine 4 (1): 95–110. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDaszak, P, D Carroll, N Wolfe, and J Mazet. 2016. “The Global Virome Project.” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 53 (Suppl): 36. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDawood, F S, A D Iuliano, C Reed, M I Meltzer, and D K Shay, and others. 2012. “Estimated Global Mortality Associated with the First 12 Months of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 Virus Circulation: A Modelling Study.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12 (9): 687–95. CrossrefGoogle Scholarde Wit, E, D Falzarano, C Onyango, K Rosenke, and A Marzi, and others. 2016. “The Merits of Malaria Diagnostics during an Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (2): 323–26. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDeWitte, S N 2014. “Mortality Risk and Survival in the Aftermath of the Medieval Black Death.” PLoS One 9 (5): e96513. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDiamond, J. 2009. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton. Google ScholarDimitrov, N, S Goll, N Hupert, B Pourbohloul, and L Meyers. 2011. “Optimizing Tactics for Use of the U.S. Antiviral Strategic National Stockpile for Pandemic Influenza.” PloS One 6 (1): e16094. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDixon, S, S McDonald, and J Roberts. 2001. “AIDS and Economic Growth in Africa: A Panel Data Analysis.” Journal of International Development 13 (4): 411–26. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDomínguez-Cherit, G, S E Lapinsky, A E Macias, R Pinto, and L Espinosa-Perez, and others. 2009. “Critically Ill Patients with 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico.” Journal of the American Medical Association 302 (17): 1880–87. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDrake, T L, Z Chalabi, and R Coker. 2012. “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: What’s Missing?” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90 (12): 940–41. CrossrefGoogle ScholarDrake, T L, Z Chalabi, and R Coker. 2015. “Buy Now, Saved Later? The Critical Impact of Time-to-Pandemic Uncertainty on Pandemic Cost-Effectiveness Analyses.” Health Policy and Planning 30 (1): 100–10. CrossrefGoogle ScholarElbe, S. 2002. “HIV/AIDS and the Changing Landscape of War in Africa.” International Security 27 (2): 159–77. CrossrefGoogle ScholarEpstein, H. 2014. “Ebola in Liberia: An Epidemic of Rumors.” New York Review of Books 61 (20): 91–95. Google ScholarEvans, D K, M Goldstein, and A Popova. 2015. “Health-Care Worker Mortality and the Legacy of the Ebola Epidemic.” The Lancet Global Health 3 (8): e439–e440. CrossrefGoogle ScholarFalcone, R E and A Detty. 2015. “The Next Pandemic: Hospital Response.” Emergency Medical Reports 36 (26): 1–16. Google ScholarFan, V Y, D. T Jamison, and L S Summers. 2016. “The Inclusive Cost of Pandemic Influenza Risk.” NBER Working Paper 22137, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA. CrossrefGoogle ScholarFarmer, P. 1996. “Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 (4): 259–69. Crossref

Keywords

PandemicBusinessEnvironmental planningGeographyCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Medicine

Related Publications

Publication Info

Year
2017
Type
book-chapter
Pages
315-345
Citations
539
Access
Closed

External Links

Social Impact

Social media, news, blog, policy document mentions

Citation Metrics

539
OpenAlex

Cite This

Nita Madhav, Ben Oppenheim, Mark Gallivan et al. (2017). Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. The World Bank eBooks , 315-345. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17

Identifiers

DOI
10.1596/978-1-4648-0527-1_ch17