The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) act as switches that regulate information processing circuits connecting cell surface receptors to a variety of effectors. The G proteins are present in all eukaryotic cells, and they control metabolic, humoral, neural, and developmental functions. More than a hundred different kinds of receptors and many different effectors have been described. The G proteins that coordinate receptor-effector activity are derived from a large gene family. At present, the family is known to contain at least sixteen different genes that encode the alpha subunit of the heterotrimer, four that encode beta subunits, and multiple genes encoding gamma subunits. Specific transient interactions between these components generate the pathways that modulate cellular responses to complex chemical signals.
In many cells, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by both receptor tyrosine kinases and receptors that couple to pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G protein...
Bovine liver cytosol contains a phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PLCcyt) that is activated by guanosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S)-activated G-proteins from liver ...
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the majority of cellular responses to external stimuli. Upon activation by a ligand, the receptor binds to a partner heterotrimeric G...
Integrins are a complex family of divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion receptors composed of one alpha and one beta subunit noncovalently bound to one another. A subset of in...
Integrins are cell-surface heterodimers formed by the association of one alpha- and one beta-subunit. Glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa or beta 3 subunit) is the common beta-subunit of ...
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